CONTENTS
Preface
List of Symbols
List of Tables
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Subject and Methods of Analytical Chemistry
1.2 Methods of Carrying out Analytical Reactions
1.3 Reaction Conditions. Sensitivity, Selectivity and Specificity of Reactions
1.4 Fractional and Systematic Analysis
1.5 Classification of Cations into Analytical Groups. The Group Reagent. Classification of Cations and Mendeleyev’s Periodic Law
1.6 Brief Historical Outline of Development of Analytical Chemistry
Questions and Problems
Chapter 2. APPARATUS AND TECHNIQUES
2.1 Reagent Racks and Laboratory Equipment
2.2 Laboratory Techniques
2.3 Reagents
2.4 Drop Reactions (Spot Tests)
2.5 Microcrystalloscopic Reactions
2.6 Chromatographic Separation of Substances
2.7 Separation of Substances by Extraction
Questions and Problems
Chapter 3. GROUP I CATIONS
A. Theoretical Principles
3.1 The Law of Mass Action
3.2 Equilibrium in Homogeneous Systems. Degree of Dissociation. Strong and Weak Electrolytes
3.3 Dissociation Constants of Weak Electrolytes
3.4 Shift of Ionic Equilibria. The Common Ion Effect
3.5 The State of Strong Electrolytes in Solution
3.6 Activity. Activity Coefficient
3.7 Modern Views on the Nature of Acids and Bases
3.8 Ionization of Water. The Hydrogen Ion Exponent
3.9 Buffer Mixtures. Action of Buffers on pH
B. Reactions and Analytical Procedure for Group I Cations
3.10 General Characteristics of Group I
3.11 Reactions of the Silver Ion
3.12 Reactions of the Lead Ion
3.13 Reactions of the Mercury(I) Ion
3.14 Reactions of the Sodium Ion
3.15 Reactions of the Potassium Ion
3.16 Analysis of Mixtures of Group I Cations
Chapter 4. GROUP II CATIONS
A. Theoretical Principles
4.1 Equilibrium in the Heterogeneous System
4.2 Solubility Product
4.3 Formation of Precipitates
4.4 Influence of Various Factors on Completeness of Precipitation
4.5 Fractional Precipitation
4.6 Dissolution of Precipitates
4.7 Direction of Exchange Reactions
B. Reactions and Analytical Procedure for Group II Cations
4.8 General Characteristics of Group II
4.9 Action of the Group Reagent
4.10 Reactions of the Copper Ion
4.11 Reactions of the Bismuth Ion
4.12 Reactions of the Cadmium Ion
4.13 Reactions of the Arsenic Ion
4.14 Reactions of the Antimony Ion
4.15 Analysis of Mixtures of Group II and I Cations
Chapter 5. GROUP III CATIONS
A. Theoretical Principles
5.1 Precipitation of Hydroxides
5.2 Action of Acids on Sulphides
5.3 Complex Formation
5.4 Hydrolysis of Salts
B. Reactions and Analytical Procedure for Group III Cations
5.5 General Characteristics of Group III
5.6 Reactions of the Aluminium Ion
5.7 Reactions of the Chromium Ion
5.8 Reactions of the Iron Ion
5.9 Reactions of the Manganese Ion
5.10 Reactions of the Nickel Ion
5.11 Analysis of Mixtures of Group III Cations
Chapter 6. CATIONS OF GROUPS IV AND V
A. Theoretical Principles
6.1 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
6.2 Direction of Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
6.3 Rate of Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
6.4 Equilibrium of Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
B. Reactions and Analytical Procedure for Group IV and V Cations
6.5 Properties of Group IV
6.6 Reactions of the Zinc Ion
6.7 Reactions of the Manganese Ion
6.8 Reactions of the Mercury Ion
6.9 Reactions of the Tin Ion
6.10 Reactions of the Lead Ion
6.11 Reactions of the Antimony Ion
6.12 Reactions of the Bismuth Ion
6.13 Reactions of the Copper Ion
6.14 Reactions of the Nickel Ion
6.15 Analysis of Mixtures of Group IV Ions
Chapter 7. VANADIUM, MOLYBDENUM AND TUNGSTEN
7.1 General Characteristics
7.2 Reactions of the Vanadate Ion
7.3 Reactions of the Molybdate Ion
7.4 Reactions of the Tungstate Ion
7.5 Analysis of Mixtures of VO₄, MoO₄ and WO₄ Ions
Chapter 8. ANIONS
8.1 Classification of Anions
A. Group I Anions
Reactions of the Sulphide Ion
Reactions of the Sulphite Ion
Reactions of the Sulphate Ion
Reactions of the Phosphate Ion
Reactions of the Arsenate Ion
Reactions of the Arsenite Ion
Reactions of the Borate Ion
Reactions of the Oxalate Ion
B. Group II Anions
Reactions of the Chloride Ion
Reactions of the Bromide Ion
Reactions of the Iodide Ion
Reactions of the Cyanide Ion
Reactions of the Thiocyanate Ion
Reactions of the Ferrocyanide Ion
Reactions of the Ferricyanide Ion
Reactions of the Hypochlorite Ion
C. Group III Anions
Reactions of the Nitrite Ion
Reactions of the Nitrate Ion
Reactions of the Chlorate Ion
Analysis of Mixtures of Group I, II and III Anions
Chapter 9. GENERAL COURSE OF ANALYSIS
9.1 Preliminary Observations and Preparation of a Substance for Analysis
9.2 Preliminary Tests
9.3 Detection of Anions
9.4 Detection of Cations
9.5 Detection of Metals and Their Alloys
9.6 Qualitative Analysis Without Hydrogen Sulphide
